Description : Lecture 3. The Early Ontogeny of Co-operative Communication
Infants' co-operative gestures have full adult structure from their outse.
Some think infants' early pointing not "real thing"
Here: yes, both in terms of structure and motivation => BEFORE LANGUAGE
3.1. Early Pointing at 12 Months
Infants social initially only dyadically => 9-month revolution
Joint Attentional Frame
Comp: Behne et al. (2005a) object choice - 12-14 mos.
Comp: Liebal et al. (in prep) on shifting JAFs - 18 mos.
control cond: frame must be shared!
Production: Table 2a [12-13 mos.]
point to table vs. chair for same function
Referential Intention
Moore's challenge: infants point when A already looking
Liszkowski et al. (2004) - 12 mos. => need target
Liszkowski et al. (submitted a) - 12 mos. - misunderstand referent
need specific target
Liszkowski et al. (submitted b) - 12 mos. - absent referents
see also Table 2a
Golinkoff: negotiation of meaning at 10-18 mos.
Social Intention (Motive)
Expressives: I want: we know: I want: we feel X
- 12 mos: Liszkowski et al (2004): sharing attention & attitudes
- 12 mos: Liszkowski et al (sub a) - wrong attitude
Informatives: I want: we know: I want: you know X
- 12-14 mos: Behne et al. (2005a) - comprehend informative
- 12 mos: Liszkowski et al (2006) produce informative
- Liszkowski et al (in prep) follow up on 'knowledge'
Requestives: I want: we know: I want: you do X
- 11-12 mos: Camaioni (co-operative or individual?)
- 24 mos: Schwe-Behne - co-operative imperative
No pointing for greeting, thanking, apologizing
referent = my feeling
w/ language: all early, 18 mos. (comprehension?)
Communicative Intention [¿really?]
Not hidden authorship, but something more primordial
Adults want infants to do things; infants know this
learn to direct things to others: eye contact, etc.
Albrecht et al: 12 mo. olds know that others must see gesture
Behne et al. (2005a) control condition at 14 mos. - see as not communicative
in experimental condition make relevance inference
Liszk (sub b): 12-mo-olds point still after sharing w/ adult (to stress comm?)
Shwe-Behne: 2 yr olds correct misund. even when get what want
Moll & T - 14-mos. know what we experienced together
Characterizing gestures
Early ritualizations: reject, put--me-down, pick-me-up (like apes, 1-way)
Diary examples, Table 2b
taught baby signs = like words; iconic? invented?
spontaneous examples in Table 2b
Understand such gestures for objs (not replicas) by 18 mos (T et al, '99)
for 'actions I should do' by 30 mos (Haimerl in prep) (videos).
3.2. The Early Ontogeny of Pointing
Infants have pointing hand-shape at 3 to 6 months (Hannan, 1987)
Infants solicit adult help (requestive) at 3 to 6 months
Infants share emotions (expressive) at 3 to 6 months
Why no communicative pointing?
Answer: don't understand or share intentions until 9-12 months
Und goals & intentions: Gergely et al. (1995); Behne et al. (2005b): 9 mos.
Gergely et al. ('02); Schweir et al. (in press) - rational choice: 12- mos.
Und. perception & attention.: Tomas & Haberl (2003): 12 mos.
Moll et al. (in press) - rational choice: 14 mos.
Und. what others 'know': Onishi & Baill, 2005; T & Haberl , 2003 : 12 mos.
Mutual attention/knowledge: Moll & Tomas (in press) : 14 mos.
Helping: Kuhlmeir et al., 2003; Warneken & T (2006) : 12-14 mos.
Reciprocal tendency & expectation to help: ¿convention? ¿norm?
THIS ANSWER PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT EARLY POINTING BASED ON MENTAL STATES AND CO-OPERATIVE MOTIVES & JUSTIFYS PRIMITIVES
Sidebar: where does this come from? Two lines:
(1) understanding intentional action - all apes (to some degree) => 9-12 mos.
- intentions and attention (rational choice - apes?)
(2) sharing psychological states (id w/other) - only humans => from birth
- dyadic protoconversations from early infancy
9-12 months: merging of two lines: shared goals, intentions, attention
Learning
origins of pointing unknown
- ritualization vs imitation: conventionalization?
origins of char. gestures and baby signs unknown
- creative iconic/metonymic vs. imitation.
3.3. Conclusion
Early gestures have full structure of co-op. comm. [before language]
based on mental states: intentions & attention & knowledge (not beliefs)
perspective & absent referents
based on shared intentionalty: joint intentions & attention & knowledge
motives of helping & sharing (incl. informing)
Concealed authorship, deception, sarcasm/irony => later (3-4 years)
Learning & acquisition of pointing & other gestures?.
Some References
Behne, T., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2005a). One-year-olds comprehend the communicative intentions behind gestures in a hiding game. Developmental Science, 8, 492 - 499.
Behne, T., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Tomasello, M. (2005b). Unwilling versus unable? Infants' understanding of intentional action. Developmental Psychology, 41, 328-37.
Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., Henning, A., Striano, T., & Tomaselo, M. (2004). 12-month-olds point to share attention and interest. Developmental Science, 7, 297-307.
Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., Striano, T., & Tomasello, M. (2006). 12- and 18-month-olds point to provide information for others. J. of Cognition and Development, 7, 173 - 187.
Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (submitted a). Reference and altitude in infant pointing.
Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (submitted b). Pointing out new news, old news, and absent referents at 12 Months.
Moll, H., & Tomasello, M. (in press). How 14- and 18- month-olds know what others have experienced. Developmental Psychology.
Moll, H., Koring, C., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (in press). Infants determine others' focus of attention by pragmatics and exclusion. J. of Cognition & Development.
Rakoczy, H., Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (submitted). The sources of normativity: Young children’s awareness of the normative structure of games.
Tomasello, M. & Haberl, K. (2003). Understanding attention: 12- and 18-month-olds know what's new for other persons. Developmental Psychology, 39, 906-912.
Tomasello, M. & Rakoczy, H. (2003). What makes human cognition unique? From individual to shared to collective intentionality. Mind and Language, 18, 121-47.
Tomasello, M., Striano, T., & Rochat, P. (1999). Do young children use objects as symbols? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 563-584.
Warneken, F. & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 31 ,1301 - 1303.
Warneken, F., Chen. F., & Tomasello, M. (in press). Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees. Child Development.